REFERENCES
1. Gornick ME. A decade of research on disparities in Medicare utilization:
lessons for the health and health care of vulnerable men. Am J Public
Health. 2003;93:753–759.
2. Fleming ID, Henson CJ, eds. American Joint Committee on Cancer.
AJCC Cancer Staging Handbook, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1997.
3. Weeks JC. Outcomes assessment in the NCCN. Oncology (Huntingt).
1997;11:137–140.
4. Weeks J. Outcomes assessment in the NCCN: 1998 update. National
Comprehensive Cancer Network. Oncology (Huntingt). 1999;13:69 –71.
5. Niland JC. NCCN. Internet-based data system for the conduct of outcomes research. Oncology (Huntingt). 1998;12:142–146.
6. Niland JC. NCCN outcomes research database: data collection via the
Internet. Oncology (Huntingt). 2000;14:100 –103.
7. Katz JN, Chang LC, Sangha O, et al. Can comorbidity be measured by
questionnaire rather than medical record review? Med Care. 1996;34:73–84.
8. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, et al. A new method of classifying
prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40:
373–383.
9. Desch CE, Penberthy LT, Hillner BE, et al. A sociodemographic and
economic comparison of breast reconstruction, mastectomy, and conservative surgery. Surgery. 1999;125:441– 447.
10. Morrow M, Scott SK, Menck HR, et al. Factors influencing the use of
breast reconstruction postmastectomy: a National Cancer Database
study. J Am Coll Surg. 2001;192:1– 8.
11. Polednak AP. How frequent is postmastectomy breast reconstructive
surgery? A study linking two statewide databases. Plast Reconstr Surg.
2001;108:73–77.
12. Alderman AK, McMahon L Jr, Wilkins EG. The national utilization of
immediate and early delayed breast reconstruction and the effect of
sociodemographic factors. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;111:695–703; discussion 704 –705.
13. http://umet-vets.dol.gov/dol/topic/health-plans/womens.htm.
14. Bloom BS, de Pouvourville N, Chhatre S, et al. Breast cancer treatment
in clinical practice compared to best evidence and practice guidelines.
Br J Cancer. 2004;90:26 –30.
15. Mortenson MM, Schneider PD, Khatri VP, et al. Immediate breast
reconstruction after mastectomy increases wound complications: however, initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy is not delayed. Arch Surg.
2004;139:988 –991.
16. Hall SE, Holman CD. Inequalities in breast cancer reconstructive surgery according to social and locational status in Western Australia. Eur
J Surg Oncol. 2003;29:519 –525.
17. Rowland JH, Desmond KA, Meyerowitz BE, et al. Role of breast
reconstructive surgery in physical and emotional outcomes among breast
cancer survivors. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:1422–1429.
18. Mancini MC, Cush EM, Sweatman K, et al. Coronary artery bypass
surgery: are outcomes influenced by demographics or ability to pay? Ann
Surg. 2001;233:617– 622.

19. Shen JJ, Wan TT, Perlin JB. An exploration of the complex relationship
of socioecologic factors in the treatment and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction in disadvantaged populations. Health Serv Res. 2001;
36:711–732.
20. Wenneker MB, Weissman JS, Epstein AM. The association of payer
with utilization of cardiac procedures in Massachusetts. JAMA. 1990;
264:1255–1260.
21. Medicine IO. Measuring the Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Health
Care. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002.
22. Bradley CJ, Given CW, Roberts C. Race, socioeconomic status, and breast
cancer treatment and survival. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94:490 – 496.
23. Franzini L, Williams AF, Franklin J, et al. Effects of race and socioeconomic status on survival of 1,332 black, Hispanic, and white women
with breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 1997;4:111–118.
24. Michalski TA, Nattinger AB. The influence of black race and socioeconomic status on the use of breast-conserving surgery for Medicare
beneficiaries. Cancer. 1997;79:314 –319.
25. Miller BA, Hankey BF, Thomas TL. Impact of sociodemographic
factors, hormone receptor status, and tumor grade on ethnic differences
in tumor stage and size for breast cancer in US women. Am J Epidemiol.
2002;155:534 –545.
26. Muss HB. Factors used to select adjuvant therapy of breast cancer in the
United States: an overview of age, race, and socioeconomic status. J Natl
Cancer Inst Monogr. 2001;30:52–55.
27. Rogers A, Flowers J, Pencheon D. Improving access needs a whole
systems approach. BMJ. 1999;319:866 – 867.
28. Gold M, Stevens B. Measuring access to care through population-based
surveys in a managed care environment: synopsis and priorities for
future efforts. Health Serv Res. 1998;33(3 Pt 2):611– 624.
29. Gulliford M, Figueroa-Munoz J, Morgan M, et al. What does ‘access to
health care’ mean? J Health Serv Res Policy. 2002;7:186 –188.
30. Peterson ED, Wright SM, Dlaey J, et al. Racial variation in cardiac
procedure use and survival following acute myocardial infarction in the
Department of Veteran’s Affairs. JAMA. 1994;271:1175–1180.
31. Gornick ME, Eggers PW, Reilly TW, et al. Effects of race and income
on mortality and use of services among Medicare beneficiaries. N Engl
J Med. 1996;335:791–799.
32. Alter DA, Naylor CD, Austin PC, et al. Geography and service supply
do not explain socioeconomic gradients in angiography use after acute
myocardial infarction. Cmaj. 2003;168:261–264.
33. Ayanian JZ, Kohler BA, Abe T, et al. The relation between health
insurance coverage and clinical outcomes among women with breast
cancer. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:326 –331.
34. Merkin SS, Stevenson L, Powe N. Geographic socioeconomic status,
race, and advanced-stage breast cancer in New York City. Am J Public
Health. 2002;92:64 –70.
35. Naik AM, Joseph K, Harris M, et al. Indigent breast cancer patients among
all racial and ethnic groups present with more advanced disease compared
with nationally reported data. Am J Surg. 2003;186:400 – 403.
36. Roetzheim RG, Gonzalez EC, Ferrante JM, et al. Effects of health
insurance and race on breast carcinoma treatments and outcomes. Cancer. 2000;89:2202–2213.
37. Schrijvers CT, Coebergh JW, Mackenbach JP. Socioeconomic status and
comorbidity among newly diagnosed cancer patients. Cancer. 1997;80:
1482–1488.
38. Angell M. Privilege and health: what is the connection? N Engl J Med.
1993;329:126 –127.
39. Dein S. Explanatory models of and attitudes towards cancer in different
cultures. Lancet Oncol. 2004;5:119 –124.
40. Whaley AL. Ethnicity/race, ethics, and epidemiology. J Natl Med Assoc.
2003;95:736 –742.
41. Jones C. The impact of racism on health. Ethn Dis. 2002;12(suppl 2):10–13.
42. Bird ST, Bogart LM. Perceived race-based and socioeconomic status
(SES)-based discrimination in interactions with health care providers.
Ethn Dis. 2001;11:554 –563.
43. Reaby LL. Reasons why women who have mastectomy decide to have
or not to have breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;101:
1810 –1818.